Willow Harbor HealthWillow Harbor at Home

Medicare Enrollment Periods Explained

Learn when you can sign up for Medicare or change plans, and how to avoid late enrollment penalties.

Medicare has set times of year when you can sign up or make changes. Missing one can mean waiting months for coverage, or paying more for as long as you have Medicare. Here is a simple map of the dates.

When you first become eligible

Your Initial Enrollment Period is your first chance to sign up. For most people, it is tied to turning 65. It lasts 7 months:

  • The 3 months before the month you turn 65
  • The month you turn 65
  • The 3 months after

If you sign up for Part B before your birthday month, coverage starts that month. If you sign up during your birthday month or later, coverage starts the next month. Coverage always begins on the first of a month.

If you already get Social Security benefits, Social Security will sign you up for Part A and Part B automatically. They mail you information a few months ahead. You may turn down Part B, but signing up later can delay coverage and bring a penalty.

If you don't get Social Security yet, you can apply online at SSA.gov or call Social Security at 1-800-772-1213, Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. Social Security suggests applying 3 months before your 65th birthday.

If you missed your first chance

The General Enrollment Period runs January 1 to March 31 each year. You can sign up for Part B (and Part A, if you pay for it) then. Coverage starts the month after you sign up. You may owe a late enrollment penalty.

Changing plans each fall

The yearly Open Enrollment Period runs October 15 to December 7. During this time you can:

  • Switch between Original Medicare and a Medicare Advantage Plan
  • Join, drop or switch Medicare Advantage Plans
  • Join, drop or switch Part D drug plans

The plan must get your request by December 7. New coverage starts January 1.

A second chance for Medicare Advantage members

The Medicare Advantage Open Enrollment Period also runs January 1 to March 31. It is only for people already in a Medicare Advantage Plan. You can:

  • Switch to a different Medicare Advantage Plan
  • Leave Medicare Advantage and go back to Original Medicare, and also join a separate drug plan

Coverage starts the first of the month after the plan gets your request.

Special Enrollment Periods

Some life changes open a Special Enrollment Period. Examples include:

  • Moving to a new address
  • Losing or changing your current coverage, such as job-based insurance ending
  • Getting Medicaid
  • Getting Extra Help with drug costs

These windows last only a limited time. If you miss one, you may have to wait for the next fall Open Enrollment Period to change plans, or the next General Enrollment Period to sign up for Part B.

Late enrollment penalties

A late enrollment penalty is added to your monthly premium. It is not a one-time fee. It usually lasts as long as you have that coverage, often for life. The longer you wait, the bigger it gets.

  • Part B: The penalty grows for each full 12 months you could have had Part B but didn't, unless you qualified for a Special Enrollment Period.
  • Part D: The penalty can apply if you go 63 days or more without Part D or other drug coverage that is at least as good (called creditable coverage). People who get Extra Help generally avoid it.
  • Part A: This only applies to people who must buy Part A and don't sign up when first eligible.

The amounts change every year; Medicare.gov has this year's numbers. If you are not sure about your dates, VICAP (the Virginia Insurance Counseling and Assistance Program) can help at no cost through your local Area Agency on Aging.

This guide is general information, not medical advice. Talk with your doctor about your own care.

Have a question about this? Willow can explain in plain words, in English or Spanish.

Quick check

Nothing you tap or type here is saved or sent.